TRANSITIONING

Lets start off by telling you that there are a lot of elements that are considered transition metals. Which metals are the transition metals?
21 (Scandium) through 29 (Copper)
39 (Yttrium) through 47 (Silver)
57 (Lanthanum) through 79 (Gold)
89 (Actinium) and all higher numbers.

WHAT MAKES THEM SO SPECIAL?

It all has to do with their shells/orbitals. In CHEM4KIDS we try to stick to the first 18 elements because they are easy to explain. Transition metals are good examples of advanced shell ideas. They have a lot of electrons and distribute them in different ways.

Number of electrons allowed in the orbitals of transition metals.

Number of electrons allowed in the orbitals of transition metals.

Transition metals are able to put more than eight electrons in the shell that is one in from the outermost shell. Think about argon (Ar). It has 18 electrons set up in a 2-8-8 order. Scandium is only 3 spots away with 21 electrons, but it has a configuration of 2-8-9-2. Wow! This is where it starts. This is the point in the periodic table where you can place more than 8 electrons in a shell.

The transition metals are able to put up to 32 electrons in their second to last shell. Something like gold (Au) has an organization of 2-8-18-32-18-1. Of course, there are still some rules. No shell can have more than 32 electrons. It's usually 18 or 32 for the maximum number of electrons.

ONE MORE THING

Most elements can only use electrons from their outer orbital to bond with other elements. Transition metals can use the two outermost shells/orbitals to bond with other elements. It's a chemical trait that allows them to bond with many elements in a variety of shapes. Why can they do that?

As you learn more, you will discover that most transition elements actually have two shells that are not happy. Whenever you have a shell that is not happy, its electrons can bond with other elements. Example: Molybdenum (Mo) with 42 electrons. The configuration is 2-8-18-13-1. The shells with 13 and 1 are not happy. Those two orbitals can use the electrons to bond with other atoms.

RELATED LINKS

- Biology4Kids: Scientific Method
- Geography4Kids: Element Cycles
- Geography4Kids: Biosphere
- Cosmos4Kids: Star Formation
- Physics4Kids: Radioactivity

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